Here’s the outline of this interview with Greg Potter:

[00:02:01] Resilient Nutrition; Long Range Fuel.

[00:07:05] Changes in sleep since COVID.

[00:08:50] COVID dreams.

[00:11:19] Changes in sleep timing and patterns.

[00:11:45] Effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on sleep and activity; Study: Blume, Christine, Marlene H. Schmidt, and Christian Cajochen. "Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on human sleep and rest-activity rhythms." Current Biology 30.14 (2020): R795-R797.

[00:12:34] Changes in sleep behaviors amongst university students; Study: Wright Jr, Kenneth P., et al. "Sleep in university students prior to and during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders." Current Biology 30.14 (2020): R797-R798.

[00:13:17] Sleep disorders; insomnia.

[00:13:36] Greg’s previous podcasts on entraining circadian rhythm: How to Entrain Your Circadian Rhythm for Perfect Sleep and Metabolic Health and time cues: Morning Larks and Night Owls: the Biology of Chronotypes

[00:14:15] Sleep apnea.

[00:15:23] Sleep apnea associated with increased mortality due to COVID-19; Study: McSharry, David, Michael T. Lam, and Atul Malhotra. "OSA as a probable risk factor for severe COVID-19." Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 16.9 (2020): 1649-1649.

[00:16:11] Sleep apnea treatment; continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

[00:21:13] How the immune system works.

[00:24:50] TNF-alpha blockers improve sleep in rheumatoid arthritis; Detert, Jacqueline, et al. "Effects of treatment with etanercept versus methotrexate on sleep quality, fatigue and selected immune parameters in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis." Clin Exp Rheumatol 34.5 (2016): 848-856.

[00:32:23] Cytokine storms.

[00:33:38] Mice more susceptible to infection administered during sleep hours; Study: Lundy, Stephanie R., et al. "Effect of time of day of infection on Chlamydia infectivity and pathogenesis." Scientific reports 9.1 (2019): 1-12.

[00:34:37] Better response to BCG vaccine when administered in the morning; Study: de Bree, L. Charlotte J., et al. "Circadian rhythm influences induction of trained immunity by BCG vaccination." The Journal of clinical investigation 130.10 (2020): 5603-5617.

[00:35:19] Different dimensions of sleep: SATED - satisfaction, alertness, timing, efficiency, duration.

[00:37:58] Associations between sleep and chronic disease.

[00:39:20] People who report short sleep are at higher risk of metabolic syndrome; Meta analyses: 1. Xi, Bo, et al. "Short sleep duration predicts risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Sleep medicine reviews 18.4 (2014): 293-297; 2. Iftikhar, Imran H., et al. "Sleep duration and metabolic syndrome. An updated dose–risk metaanalysis." Annals of the American Thoracic Society 12.9 (2015): 1364-1372; 3. Lian, Ying, et al. "Association between sleep quality and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Psychiatry research 274 (2019): 66-74.

[00:40:02] Sleep disturbance as a risk factor for type-2 diabetes; Meta analysis: Wang, Fei, et al. "Sleep duration and patterns in Chinese patients with diabetes: A meta‐analysis of comparative studies and epidemiological surveys." Perspectives in psychiatric care 55.2 (2019): 344-353.

[00:41:04] The brain’s glymphatic system; Maiken Nedergaard, MD.

[00:41:53] Study: Fultz, Nina E., et al. "Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep." Science 366.6465 (2019): 628-631.

[00:43:45] Obstructive sleep apnea - 40% higher risk of developing cancer.

[00:46:27] Research on sleep deprivation in dogs; Study: Bentivoglio, Marina, and Gigliola Grassi-Zucconi. "The pioneering experimental studies on sleep deprivation." Sleep 20.7 (1997): 570-576.

[00:47:01] Sleep deprivation research with rats; Study: Rechtschaffen, Allan, et al. "Sleep deprivation in the rat: I. Conceptual issues." Sleep 12.1 (1989): 1-4.

[00:47:33] Sleep restriction research on fruit flies; Study: Geissmann, Quentin, Esteban J. Beckwith, and Giorgio F. Gilestro. "Most sleep does not serve a vital function: Evidence from Drosophila melanogaster." Science advances 5.2 (2019): eaau9253.

[00:48:23] Sleep deprivation leads to ROS accumulation in the fly and mouse gut; Study: Vaccaro, Alexandra, et al. "Sleep loss can cause death through accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the gut." Cell 181.6 (2020): 1307-1328.

[00:50:25] Effects of circadian disruption on risk of dying in mice: Davidson, A. J., et al. "Chronic jet-lag increases mortality in aged mice." Current biology 16.21 (2006): R914-R916. Likely due to immune disruption; Study: Stowie, Adam, et al. "A reductionist, in vitro model of environmental circadian disruption demonstrates SCN-independent and tissue-specific dysregulation of inflammatory responses." Plos one 14.5 (2019): e0217368.

[00:51:20] Sleep deprivation associated with DNA damage; Study: Carroll, Judith E., et al. "Partial sleep deprivation activates the DNA damage response (DDR) and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in aged adult humans." Brain, behavior, and immunity 51 (2016): 223-229.

[00:52:50] Poor sleep increases pneumonia risk; Study: Patel, Sanjay R., et al. "A prospective study of sleep duration and pneumonia risk in women." Sleep 35.1 (2012): 97-101.

[00:53:55] Sleep habits and susceptibility to colds; Study: Prather, Aric A., and Cindy W. Leung. "Association of insufficient sleep with respiratory infection among adults in the United States." JAMA internal medicine 176.6 (2016): 850-852.

[00:54:26] Swedish study finds no relationship between sleep and cold susceptibility: Ghilotti, Francesca, et al. "Physical activity, sleep and risk of respiratory infections: A Swedish cohort study." PloS one 13.1 (2018): e0190270.

[00:54:47] Sleeping less associated with increased susceptibility to cold virus; Study: Cohen, Sheldon, et al. "Sleep habits and susceptibility to the common cold." Archives of internal medicine 169.1 (2009): 62-67.

[00:55:47] Sleep (assessed with wrist devices) and susceptibility to the common cold; Study: Prather, Aric A., et al. "Behaviorally assessed sleep and susceptibility to the common cold." Sleep 38.9 (2015): 1353-1359.

[00:56:13] Timing of physical activity and sleep and COVID-19 risk; Study: Rowlands AV, Kloecker DE, Chudasama Y, et al. “Association of Timing and Balance of Physical Activity and Rest/Sleep With Risk of COVID-19: A UK Biobank Study.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2020.

[00:57:45] COVID-19 risk higher for shift workers; Study: Rizza, S., et al. "High body mass index and night shift work are associated with COVID-19 in health care workers." Journal of Endocrinological Investigation (2020): 1-5.

[00:58:37] Worse sleep in hospital associated with increased need for ICU (COVID-19); Study: Zhang, Jiancheng, et al. "Poor-sleep is associated with slow recovery from lymphopenia and an increased need for ICU care in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study." Brain, behavior, and immunity 88 (2020): 50-58.

[00:59:05] Accuracy of sleep monitoring devices. 

[01:01:02] Sleep and response to vaccination.

[01:01:40] Antibody response to vaccination reduced with sleep deprivation; Study: Spiegel, Karine, John F. Sheridan, and Eve Van Cauter. "Effect of sleep deprivation on response to immunization." Jama 288.12 (2002): 1471-1472.

[01:02:31] Sleep-deprived men have lower antibody levels 5 days after H1N1 vaccine: Benedict, Christian, et al. "Acute sleep deprivation has no lasting effects on the human antibody titer response following a novel influenza A H1N1 virus vaccination." BMC immunology 13.1 (2012): 1-5.

[01:03:01] Sleep enhances antibody response to vaccination; Studies: 1. Lange, Tanja, et al. "Sleep enhances the human antibody response to hepatitis A vaccination." Psychosomatic medicine 65.5 (2003): 831-835; 2. Lange, Tanja, et al. "Sleep after vaccination boosts immunological memory." The Journal of Immunology 187.1 (2011): 283-290.

[01:03:37] Less sleep associated with worse antibody production after Hep-B vaccine; Study: Prather, Aric A., et al. "Sleep and antibody response to hepatitis B vaccination." Sleep 35.8 (2012): 1063-1069.

[01:04:54] Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine reduce transmission of COVID-19; Study: Voysey, Merryn, et al. "Single dose administration, and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine." (2021).

[01:06:33] Syndemic, rather than pandemic; Article: Horton, Richard. "Offline: COVID-19 is not a pandemic." Lancet (London, England) 396.10255 (2020): 874.

[01:07:04] CDC: Narcolepsy Following 2009 Pandemrix Influenza Vaccination in Europe.

[01:10:48] Article (11/26/20): Peter Doshi: Pfizer and Moderna’s “95% effective” vaccines—let’s be cautious and first see the full data; Follow up article (1/4/21): Peter Doshi: Pfizer and Moderna’s “95% effective” vaccines—we need more details and the raw data.

[01:11:12] Paul Offit, MD on Peter Attia's podcast.

[01:12:14] Pandemic-specific tips to sleep better.

[01:12:25] Sleep apnea - STOP-Bang questionnaire; Meta-analysis: Chen, Lina, et al. "Validation of the STOP-Bang questionnaire for screening of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population and commercial drivers: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Sleep and Breathing (2021): 1-11.

[01:15:03] Worsened sleep quality - what to do.

[01:15:58] CBT-Insomnia therapy (CBTI) reduces C-reactive protein (CRP) levels; Study: Irwin, Michael R., et al. "Cognitive behavioral therapy and tai chi reverse cellular and genomic markers of inflammation in late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial." Biological psychiatry 78.10 (2015): 721-729.

[01:16:24] Stimulus control.

[01:17:53] Screen time; More smart phone use associated with worse sleep and mood problems; Study: Demirci, Kadir, Mehmet Akgönül, and Abdullah Akpinar. "Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students." Journal of behavioral addictions 4.2 (2015): 85-92.

[01:18:37] Avoiding phone use 30 minutes before bed leads to better sleep, mood, and memory; Study: He, Jing-wen, et al. "Effect of restricting bedtime mobile phone use on sleep, arousal, mood, and working memory: A randomized pilot trial." PloS one 15.2 (2020): e0228756.

[01:19:03] Problem-based coping strategies; scheduled worry time.

[01:20:32] Boosting your slow-wave sleep.

[01:20:53] Hot shower before bed helps with falling asleep faster; Study: Haghayegh, Shahab, et al. "Before-bedtime passive body heating by warm shower or bath to improve sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Sleep medicine reviews 46 (2019): 124-135.

[01:21:24] Lucid dreaming training.

[01:22:00] Managing insomnia using lucid dreaming; Study: Ellis, Jason G., Joseph De Koninck, and Celyne H. Bastien. "Managing Insomnia Using Lucid Dreaming Training: A Pilot Study." Behavioral sleep medicine (2020): 1-11.

[01:25:30] Napping.

[01:26:48] How to get better sleep in a noisy environment (e.g., a hospital).

[01:27:39] Melatonin supplementation.

[01:29:18] Strava 2020 Year in Sport report.

[01:29:43] David Nieman’s J-shaped model of relationship between varying amounts of exercise and risk of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI); Nieman, David C. "Risk of upper respiratory tract infection in athletes: an epidemiologic and immunologic perspective." Journal of athletic training 32.4 (1997): 344.

[01:30:39] Podcast: How to Use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia, with Ashley Mason, PhD.

[01:30:48] Greg's articles on optimising sleep: 1. Having trouble sleeping? A primer on insomnia and how to sleep better 2. Sleep-maintenance insomnia: how to sleep through the night 3. Sleep-onset insomnia: how to get to sleep fast.

[01:31:32] Where to find Greg: Instagram; Greg’s website, Resilient Nutrition, ebook on the Principles of Resilient Nutrition; Blog post: How to Fuel for an Ultramarathon: The Ultimate Guide.